Pop-up advertisements experienced a remarkable ascension in the late 1990s and early 2000s, initially offering a seemingly simple way for businesses to reach a wide audience. Driven by their immediate visibility, these intrusive boxes became ubiquitous across the internet , generating substantial revenue for publishers and promoters . However, user

The pervasive nature of ad fraud poses a significant challenge to the digital advertising industry. This comparative analysis scrutinizes the diverse methods employed by fraudsters and unveils their effects on advertisers, publishers, and consumers. By contrasting various illegitimate practices across different platforms and geographies, this study